降低非富勒烯有机太阳能电池能量损失的机制和策略

杨开茗; 常雁红; 常艺琳; 吕琨; 魏志祥

doi:10.14133/j.cnki.1008-9357.20230222001

降低非富勒烯有机太阳能电池能量损失的机制和策略

doi: 10.14133/j.cnki.1008-9357.20230222001

杨开茗^{1, 2,},
常雁红^1, ,,
常艺琳^{2, 3},
吕琨^{2, 3, ,},
魏志祥^{2, 3}

1.
北京科技大学能源与环境工程学院, 环境科学与工程系, 北京市工业典型污染物资源化处理重点实验室, 北京 100083
2.
国家纳米科学中心，中国科学院纳米科学卓越中心，中国科学院纳米系统与多级次制造重点实验室, 北京 100190
3.
中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金（批准号：51973043）

详细信息

作者简介:
杨开茗（1999—），女，山东郓城人，硕士研究生，主要研究方向为有机光伏电池。E-mail：m202120205@xs.ustb.edu.cn

常雁红，北京科技大学副教授，硕导，主持或参与多项国家自然基金、北京市自然基金、中华环境保护基金会项目等。2001年于中科院煤化所获理学博士学位。研究领域为纳米功能材料的制备及应用；基因的克隆、改造与酶的固定化；环境生物催化剂的制备及应用。已发表学术论文80余篇，申请/授权专利30余项

吕琨，国家纳米科学中心研究员，博导，国家优秀青年基金获得者。2004年7月毕业于山东大学化学与化工学院，获得学士学位；2009年12月于中国科学院化学研究所获得博士学位；2010年1月至今，任职国家纳米科学中心研究员。主要研究领域为有机光伏聚合物和小分子半导体材料的合成及其在大面积柔性器件中的应用。在Nature Communications, Advanced Materials等期刊上发表学术论文90余篇,引用超过6000次；并且获得了中国化学会青年化学奖、北京市科技新星计划、中国科学院青年创新促进会优秀会员等

通讯作者:
常雁红，E-mail：yhchang@ustb.edu.cn

吕　琨，E-mail：lvk@nanoctr.cn

中图分类号: O63
计量
- 文章访问数: 126
- HTML全文浏览量: 36
- PDF下载量: 35
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-02-22
- 录用日期: 2023-04-04
- 网络出版日期: 2023-04-11

Mechanisms and Strategies to Reduce Energy Loss in Non-fullerene Organic Solar Cells

YANG Kaiming^{1, 2
,},
CHANG Yanhong^{1
, ,},
CHANG Yilin^{2, 3},
LU Kun^{2, 3
, ,},
WEI Zhixiang^{2, 3}

1.
Beijing Key Laboratory of Resource Treatment of Typical Industrial Pollutants, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
2.
CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Beijing 100190, China
3.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

摘要

摘要: 在过去20年，溶液加工制备本体异质结有机太阳能电池（BHJ-OSCs）发展迅速，其能量转换效率（PCE）已经超过19%，但器件的能量损失（E_loss）相对较大，成为限制其光伏性能的瓶颈因素。因此，通过降低能量损失进一步提高OSCs的PCE成为该领域的研究重点。通过对OSCs中光物理过程的分析，讨论了不同能量损失途径的机理，综述了以下四种策略：（1）减小给受体间的能极差，（2）降低能量无序度，（3）提高器件的发光效率，（4）减小重组能。本文系统总结了降低非富勒烯OSCs体系E_loss的最新进展，为进一步提高该类器件性能提供重要参考。
- 有机太阳能电池 /
- 能量损失 /
- 能极差 /
- 电荷转移 /
- 非辐射复合
Abstract: In the past two decades, solution-processed preparation of native heterojunction organic solar cells (BHJ-OSCs) have developed rapidly, and their energy conversion efficiency (PCE) has exceeded 19%, but the relatively large energy loss (E_loss) of the devices has become a bottleneck factor limiting their photovoltaic performance. Therefore, further improving the PCE of OSCs by reducing the energy loss has become the focus of research in this field. By analyzing the photophysical processes in OSCs, the mechanisms of different energy loss pathways are discussed, and the following four strategies are reviewed: (1) reducing the energy offset between donors and acceptors, (2) reducing the energy disorder, (3) improving the luminescence efficiency of the devices, and (4) reducing the reorganization energy. This paper systematically summarizes the recent progress in reducing the E_loss of non-fullerene OSCs systems, which provides an important reference for further improvement of the performance of such devices.
- organic solar cell /
- energy loss /
- energy offset /
- charge transfer /
- non-radiative recombination

HTML全文

图 1 有机太阳能电池以 CT 态能量为界限的能量损失途径^[32]

Figure 1. Energy loss pathway of organic solar cells bounded by CT state energy ^[32]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 依据Shockley-Queisser理论，有机太阳能电池的能量损失示意图^[38]

Figure 2. Schematic diagram of energy loss of organic solar cells according to Shockley-Queisser theory^[38]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 2.1节相关材料的能级

Figure 3. Energy levels of these materials in 2.1 section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 2.1节相关非富勒烯类材料的化学结构

Figure 4. Chemical structure of relevant non-fullerene materials in 2.1 section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 基于（a）PM6：BTP-eC9，（b）PM6：BTP-eC9：BTP-S9和（c）PM6：BTP-S9共混物的归一化EL谱、测量的EQE谱和FTPS-EQE谱作为器件能量函数的归一化半对数图^[71]

Figure 5. Semilogarithmic plots of normalized EL spectra, measured EQE spectra, and FTPS-EQE spectra as a function of energy for devices based on (a) PM6:BTP-eC9, (b) PM6:BTP-eC9:BTP-S9, and (c) PM6:BTP-S9 blends^[71]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 相关非富勒烯类材料的化学结构

Figure 6. Chemical structure of relevant non-fullerene materials

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 2.3节相关非富勒烯类材料的化学结构

Figure 7. Chemical structure of relevant non-fullerene materials in 2.3 section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 以受体为例，在光电转换过程中，基态（S₀态）、最低单线态激发态（S₁态）和阴离子态之间的相关跃迁^[66]

Figure 8. Illustration of the related transitions among the ground state (S₀), the lowest singlet excited state (S₁), and the anionic state during the photoelectric conversion processes, taking the acceptor as an example^[66]

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 2.4节相关非富勒烯类材料的化学结构

Figure 9. Chemical structure of relevant non-fullerene materials in 2.4 section

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 基于PM6的二元OSCs的详细光伏参数

Table 1. Detailed photovoltaic parameters of PM6-based binary OSCs

Receptors	V_OC/V	J_SC/(mA·cm⁻²)	FF/%	PCE/%	ΔE₁/eV	ΔE₂/eV	ΔE₃/eV	E_loss/eV	EQE_EL	E_g/eV	Ref
eC9	0.85	26.58	78.5	17.65	0.26	0.08	0.21	0.55	2.80×10⁻⁴	1.40 ^c	^[3]
HDO-4Cl	0.96	21.52	74.6	15.36	0.27	0.09	0.24	0.60	1.10×10⁻⁴	1.56 ^c	^[3]
ID-4F	0.73	13.50	65.0	6.40	0.26	0.32	0.34	0.92	1.50×10⁻⁴	1.65 ^a	^[54]
IDST-4F	0.82	24.90	70.0	14.30	0.32	0.01	0.26	0.59	3.00×10⁻³	1.41 ^a	^[54]
BTP-eC9	0.84	26.62	78.1	17.46	0.26	0.05	0.21	0.53	2.20×10^–5	1.38 ^b	^[55]
L8-BO-F	0.93	23.42	76.9	16.82	0.27	0.05	0.19	0.51	4.70 ×10⁻⁴	1.46 ^b	^[55]
BDTC-F	0.89	19.01	59.2	10.05	0.26	0.10	0.23	0.59	1.19 ×10⁻⁴	1.48 ^a	^[56]
BDTC-Cl	0.88	19.21	61.0	10.30	0.26	0.08	0.23	0.57	1.14 ×10⁻⁴	1.45 ^a	^[56]
BTP-C11-N2F	0.90	23.70	70.1	15.00	0.26	0.04	0.20	0.50	3.65×10⁻⁴	1.39 ^b	^[57]
BTP-C9-N2F	0.89	24.40	72.3	15.80	0.26	0.04	0.21	0.51	3.09×10⁻⁴	1.39 ^b	^[57]
BTP-C9-IC4F	0.82	25.70	75.7	16.20	0.26	0.05	0.25	0.56	5.40×10⁻⁴	1.38^b	^[57]
BTP-C9-N4F	0.85	26.30	75.7	17.00	0.26	0.05	0.23	0.54	1.56×10⁻⁴	1.38 ^b	^[57]
2BTP-2F-T	0.91	25.50	78.3	18.19	0.26	0.07	0.20	0.53	～	1.45^b	^[53]
PYF-T-o	0.89	24.80	71.9	15.86	0.26	0.05	0.21	0.52	～	1.42 ^b	^[53]
Y5	0.95	13.89	57.3	7.56	0.27	0.07	0.18	0.52	8.60×10⁻⁴	1.47 ^b	^[58]
BTP-C9-ICB	0.98	12.25	57.3	6.88	0.27	0.08	0.15	0.50	3.42×10⁻³	1.48 ^b	^[58]
BTP-C9-ICN	1.00	13.62	57.0	7.76	0.27	0.10	0.15	0.52	2.53×10⁻³	1.52^b	^[58]
BTP-C9-ICT	0.99	17.49	66.0	11.42	0.27	0.07	0.15	0.49	2.90×10⁻³	1.48 ^b	^[58]
Y11	0.83	26.74	74.3	16.54	0.26	0.03	0.20	0.50	3.50×10⁻⁴	1.32 ^a	^[59]
BTP-eC7	0.84	24.10	73.5	14.90	0.26	0.06	0.23	0.58	～	1.40 ^a	^[60]
BTP-eC9	0.84	26.20	81.1	17.80	0.26	0.06	0.23	0.56	～	1.40 ^a	^[60]
BTP-eC11	0.85	25.70	77.5	16.90	0.26	0.06	0.23	0.55	～	1.40 ^a	^[60]
BDC-4F-C8	0.90	21.32	65.6	12.53	～	～	～	0.51	～	1.41 ^b	^[61]
Y5	0.94	12.80	58.9	7.20	0.27	0.06	0.18	0.51	8.03 ×10⁻⁴	1.46 ^b	^[62]
BTP-C2C4-N	0.93	18.20	57.1	10.30	0.27	0.04	0.21	0.52	2.59×10⁻⁴	1.43 ^b	^[62]
BTP-C4C6-N	0.94	20.70	62.1	12.10	0.27	0.04	0.18	0.49	8.10 ×10⁻⁴	1.43 ^b	^[62]
BTP-C6C8-N	0.95	20.20	62.0	11.90	0.27	0.04	0.18	0.49	8.61 ×10⁻⁴	1.43 ^b	^[62]
Y6	0.84	25.91	76.0	16.61	0.27	0.04	0.25	0.56	～	1.39 ^b	^[4]
L8-BO	0.87	25.72	81.5	18.32	0.27	0.05	0.24	0.55	～	1.42^b	^[4]
L8-HD	0.88	25.08	78.8	17.39	0.27	0.05	0.25	0.55	～	1.43 ^b	^[4]
L8-OD	0.89	24.57	74.6	16.26	0.27	0.05	0.22	0.53	～	1.42 ^b	^[4]
CH17	0.88	26.19	77.2	17.84	0.27	0.04	0.19	0.50	4.17×10⁻⁴	1.38^a	^[63]
Y6	0.85	25.91	73.7	16.27	0.24	0.05	0.24	0.53	0.60×10⁻⁴	1.38 ^a	^[63]
AQx-1	0.89	22.18	67.1	13.31	0.26	0.05	0.21	0.52	1.30×10⁻⁴	1.41 ^a	^[64]
AQx-2	0.86	25.38	76.2	16.64	0.26	0.05	0.22	0.54	8.60×10⁻⁵	1.40 ^a	^[64]
PTIC	0.93	16.23	67.2	10.14	～	～	0.30	0.63	～	1.56 ^c	^[65]
PTB4F	0.94	14.55	51.5	7.04	～	～	0.32	0.67	～	1.61 ^c	^[65]
PTB4Cl	0.93	19.01	72.2	12.76	～	～	0.28	0.61	～	1.54 ^c	^[65]
Qx-1	0.91	26.10	75.5	17.90	0.26	0.03	0.21	0.51	2.53×10⁻⁴	1.42 ^b	^[66]
Qx-2	0.93	26.50	73.7	18.20	0.26	0.03	0.19	0.48	6.60×10⁻⁴	1.42 ^b	^[66]
Y6	0.86	25.60	75.3	16.60	0.26	0.07	0.23	0.56	1.21×10⁻⁴	1.42^b	^[66]
BTP-4F	0.83	24.90	75.3	15.60	0.26	0.07	0.23	0.57	1.40 ×10⁻⁴	1.41 ^a	^[28]
BTP-4Cl	0.87	25.40	75.0	16.50	0.26	0.07	0.21	0.53	3.47 ×10⁻⁴	1.40^a	^[28]
ANT-4F	0.93	19.00	73.9	13.10	～	～	0.22	0.60	1.70×10⁻⁴	1.54 ^b	^[67]
A4T-16	0.88	21.80	79.8	15.20	0.33	0.01	0.30	0.63	1.08 ×10⁻⁵	1.51^a	^[68]
A4T-21	0.94	5.55	30.3	1.57	0.33	0.22	0.26	0.80	5.29× 10⁻⁵	1.74 ^a	^[68]
A4T-23	0.87	21.00	56.8	10.40	0.36	0.03	0.23	0.62	1.56×10⁻⁴	1.49 ^a	^[68]
IT-4F	0.85	21.30	75.7	13.70	0.33	0.11	0.34	0.78	2.30×10⁻⁶	1.63 ^a	^[68]
Y6	0.84	25.50	73.7	15.80	0.27	0.05	0.23	0.55	1.58×10⁻⁴	1.39 ^a	^[68]
BTP-S1	0.93	22.39	72.7	15.21	0.27	0.07	0.22	0.56	1.10×10⁻⁴	1.49 ^b	^[69]
BTP-S2	0.95	24.07	72.0	16.37	0.27	0.06	0.20	0.53	2.30×10⁻⁴	1.48 ^b	^[69]
Y6	0.84	26.05	72.0	15.79	0.26	0.07	0.25	0.58	4.40×10⁻⁵	1.42 ^b	^[69]
BO-4F	0.83	26.04	77.2	16.73	0.28	0.03	0.23	0.54	1.30×10⁻⁴	1.37 ^b	^[70]
BO-4Cl	0.84	26.03	79.4	17.43	0.28	0.04	0.22	0.54	1.40×10⁻⁴	1.38 ^b	^[70]
BO-5Cl	0.96	22.57	70.1	15.02	0.29	0.06	0.18	0.52	1.04×10⁻³	1.48 ^b	^[70]
BO-6Cl	0.94	23.22	72.9	15.94	0.29	0.06	0.19	0.54	7.20×10⁻⁴	1.48 ^b	^[70]
Y6	0.83	26.04	74.0	16.07	0.28	0.04	0.25	0.57	6.00×10⁻⁵	1.40 ^b	^[70]
BTP-eC9	0.85	27.57	78.0	18.00	0.25	0.07	0.22	0.54	1.78×10⁻⁴	1.38 ^b	^[71]
BTP-S9	0.85	26.72	77.1	17.50	0.25	0.08	0.20	0.53	4.71×10⁻⁴	1.38 ^b	^[71]
BTP-4F-12	0.85	24.50	77.9	16.20	0.26	0.04	0.24	0.54	～	1.39 ^a	^[72]
BTP-BO4Cl	0.83	25.97	74.7	16.13	0.26	0.06	0.23	0.56	9.00×10⁻⁵	1.40 ^b	^[73]
BTP-T-2Cl	0.94	22.32	71.6	14.89	0.26	0.04	0.19	0.49	6.06×10⁻⁴	1.43 ^a	^[74]
BTP-T-3Cl	0.89	26.02	75.8	17.61	0.26	0.03	0.22	0.51	2.34×10⁻⁴	1.40 ^a	^[74]
BTTPC-Br	0.94	22.16	69.6	14.46	0.26	0.04	0.19	0.49	6.99×10⁻⁴	1.43 ^a	^[74]
BTP-4Cl-BO	0.84	26.74	76.2	17.20	0.26	0.04	0.25	0.55	7.45×10⁻⁵	1.39 ^a	^[74]
CH8	0.89	19.70	53.5	9.37	0.30	0.05	0.23	0.59	1.04×10⁻⁴	1.48 ^a	^[75]
a: Intersection of normalized absorption and emission spectra of thin films；b:Derivative of the Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy-external quantum efficiency (FTPS)-EQE curve; c: Calculated from the formula E_g = V_oc＋E_loss; ~:This value was not reported in the literature

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 基于PM6的三元OSCs的详细光伏参数

Table 2. Detailed photovoltaic parameters of PM6-based ternary OSCs

Materials	V_OC/V	J_SC/(mA·cm⁻²)	FF/%	PCE/%	ΔE₁/eV	ΔE₂/eV	ΔE₃/eV	E_loss/eV	EQE_EL	E_g/eV	Ref
PM6:PTO2:Y6	0.91	25.58	73.3	17.05	0.24	0.058	0.216	0.518	2.24×10⁻⁴	1.42^b	^[76]
PM6:ITIC-M:Y6	0.86	26.35	80.1	18.13	0.26	0.054	0.229	0.547	1.42×10⁻⁴	1.41^a	^[77]
PM6:HDO-4Cl:eC9	0.87	27.05	80.5	18.86	0.26	0.08	0.19	0.53	5.30×10⁻⁴	1.40^c	^[3]
PM6:BTP-eC9:L8-BO-F	0.85	27.35	80.0	18.66	0.27	0.053	0.192	0.519	3.50×10⁻⁴	1.38^b	^[55]
PM6:BO-4Cl:BO-5Cl	0.87	26.93	78.8	18.56	0.28	0.028	0.192	0.496	4.60×10⁻⁴	1.37^b	^[70]
PM6:BTP-eC9:BTP-S9	0.86	27.50	79.3	18.80	0.25	0.048	0.203	0.501	2.95×10⁻⁴	1.36^b	^[71]
PM6:BTP-4F-12:MeIC	0.86	25.4	79.2	17.40	0.26	0.038	0.227	0.526	1.58×10⁻⁴	1.39^a	^[72]
PM6:CH17:F-2F	0.89	26.62	76.6	18.13	0.28	0.02	0.19	0.49	4.71×10⁻⁴	1.38^a	^[63]
PM6:DRTB-T-C4:Y6	0.85	24.68	80.9	17.05	0.25	0.078	0.233	0.559	1.07×10⁻⁴	1.41^a	^[78]
PM6:Y6:BTP-M	0.88	26.56	73.5	17.03	～	～	～	0.45	～	1.33^a	^[79]
PM6:Y6:ZY-4Cl	0.89	26.1	75.5	17.33	0.23	0.079	0.227	0.538	1.46×10⁻⁴	1.42^b	^[80]
PM6:BTP-2F:BTP-4F	0.85	26.30	77.0	17.28	0.27	0.08	0.21	0.56	～	1.41^a	^[81]
PM6:BTP-4F-12:IT-M	0.89	25.95	78.0	17.71	～	～	～	0.557	～	1.43^a	^[82]
PM6:5BDTBDD :BTPBO4Cl	0.84	26.83	77.4	17.54	0.26	0.059	0.224	0.545	1.39×10⁻⁴	1.39^b	^[73]
PM6:PB2F:BTP-eC9	0.86	26.6	79.9	18.60	0.23	0.045	0.218	0.531	2.20×10⁻⁴	1.39^a	^[10]
PM6:BTID-2F:Y6	0.85	27.66	76.4	17.98	0.26	0.054	0.236	0.551	1.17×10⁻⁴	1.40^c	^[83]
PM6:TiC12:Y6	0.85	26.80	75.4	17.25	0.26	0.06	0.23	0.55	～	1.40^b	^[84]
PM6:IT-4F:IT-MCA	0.88	20.98	76.0	14.00	～	～	0.262	0.74	4.20×10⁻³	1.62^a	^[85]
a: Intersection of normalized absorption and emission spectra of thin films；b:Derivative of the Fourier-transform photocurrent spectroscopy-external quantum efficiency (FTPS)-EQE curve; c: Calculated from the formula E_g = V_oc＋E_loss; ~:This value was not reported in the literature

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