Abstract: Although synthetic biomaterials have great potential and diversity, their biomedical applications are still limited by issues such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and bioresorbability. Because of the inherent advantages of natural materials in terms of biocompatibility, degradability and absorption, they have become viable substitutes for biomedical applications. Among the many natural materials, proteins have attracted great interest as a new type of biological composite, especially functional biomaterials. Proteins display an essential role in numerous natural systems due to their structural and biological properties. Given their unique properties, protein-based biomaterials show the advantages of inherent biological activity, and do not require excessive functional modification and complex synthesis processes, which can better solve the problems of synthetic materials. Protein-based biomaterials in the form of nanoparticles, nanofibers, microfibers, films, coatings, sponges, foams and gels have been widely used in biomedical fields including tissue engineering, bioelectronics, drug delivery, wound healing, nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Different from the other reviews, this paper reviews the animal and plant-derived protein-based biomaterials for clinical and potential preclinical biomedical applications, and the application prospects are also discussed.