Abstract: Photocatalytic and electrocatalytic production of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) offers the advantages of mild reaction conditions, abundant raw materials, and the utilization of solar energy or renewable electricity, providing new routes for the green and distributed production of H₂O₂. However, multiple competing reactions occur during H₂O₂ synthesis, and the catalytic activity and selectivity are highly dependent on the structure, electronic properties, and active sites of the catalysts. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), as a class of structurally designable crystalline porous materials, feature ordered channels, high specific surface areas, and readily modifiable frameworks, enabling flexible regulation of electronic structures, active sites, and reaction microenvironments, and thus showing great potential for photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis. Focusing on recent advances in COFs-based photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H₂O₂ production, this review first outlines the fundamental reaction principles of photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H₂O₂ production, and then summarizes recent advances in COF-based photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H₂O₂ synthesis, with emphasis on regulation strategies involving framework and electronic structures, active sites and reaction pathways, charge/electron transport, and reaction microenvironments. The relationships between structural features and H₂O₂ production activity, selectivity, and stability are further discussed. Finally, the key challenges and future directions of COFs-based photocatalytic and electrocatalytic H₂O₂ production are summarized and discussed, providing insights into the rational design of COFs-based catalysts and the efficient and sustainable production of H₂O₂.