Abstract: The global transition toward a clean and low-carbon energy structure is driving the development of the energy industry. Hydrogen, as an important secondary energy source and energy storage carrier, has gained widespread attention and research, with various water electrolysis technologies serving as important sources for hydrogen production. As a core component of these systems, the anion exchange membrane (AEM) plays a key role in isolating electrolyzer gases and conducting hydroxide ions. Meanwhile, this technology inherits the low-cost advantage of alkaline water electrolysis derived from its use of non-precious metal catalysts, which is more conducive to cost reduction and efficiency improvement, and commercialization. Covalent organic frameworks (COF) , as a new class of AEM platforms, possess a rigid covalent structure that effectively overcomes the water absorption and swelling drawbacks of traditional linear AEMs. Moreover, their highly ordered nanochannels enable efficient OH⁻ ion conduction within water channels, offering higher conductivity and stability compared to conventional linear polymers. This paper introduces the concept and fundamental principles of ion exchange membranes, primarily presenting and discussing the key performance indicators and ion transport mechanisms of ion exchange membranes. Subsequently, this paper reviews the research progress of ion exchange membranes, describing the evolutionary process and principles of anion exchange membranes from early ionic resins to the current novel composite materials. Finally, existing problems are explored and future research directions are prospected.