Abstract: Under the current environment of rapid industrial manufacturing and technological development, there is an increasingly urgent demand for materials that combine lightweight properties with high impact resistance. As a key component of load-bearing structures, the design and preparation technology of impact-resistant polymer materials hold significant importance for enhancing the safety and reliability of products. 3D printing technology, with its high precision and high customizability, can produce complex structures unattainable through traditional molding processes. By using this technology to fabricate polymer-based structures with high energy absorption properties, the impact resistance of final products can be further enhanced. This paper reviews the research progress in 3D-printed impact-resistant polymer materials, outlines the basic types and characteristics of such materials suitable for additive manufacturing, and discusses the manufacturing advantages of mainstream 3D printing technologies in achieving material impact resistance. Furthermore, it analyzes the application prospects of 3D-printed impact-resistant polymer materials in fields such as the automotive industry, aerospace, electronics, and biomedical sectors. Finally, it points out that while 3D-printed polymer materials demonstrate significant potential in applications, certain technical challenges remain. Addressing these issues requires in-depth exploration and continuous innovation across multiple disciplines.