Abstract: Biomaterials-associated infection (BAI) arises when pathogenic bacteria adhere to and proliferate on biomaterial surfaces, forming a biofilm that exacerbates patient illness and increases healthcare burdens. Consequently, the development of antimicrobial coatings on these surfaces to prevent or treat infections holds significant clinical value. Antibiotics are often used to control clinical infections. However, the abuse of antibiotics also leads to increasing bacterial resistance, making the prevention and treatment of biomaterial-related infections more difficult. Peptides/proteins and their derived antibacterial agents have attracted wide attention due to their excellent antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. The construction of antibacterial coatings on the surface of biomaterials based on these antibacterial agents can effectively inhibit and eliminate bacterial biofilms on the surface of biomaterials, reduce the risk of biomaterial-related infections, and improve other surface physicochemical properties of materials to enhance their clinical applicability. We systematically review the latest progress in antimicrobial coatings on the surface of peptides and protein-derived biomaterials. We also elaborate on the mechanisms of biomaterial-related infections and discuss in detail the types of antibacterial coatings such as anti-adhesion coatings, bactericidal coatings, anti-adhesion and bactericidal coatings, and intelligent responsive antibacterial coatings. The design principles and construction methods of the coatings are analyzed, and the research progress of peptide/protein-based antibacterial coatings in recent years is systematically introduced, especially the widely used antimicrobial peptide and lysozyme coatings. In addition, we summarize the challenges and prospects of peptide and protein antibacterial coatings applied to biomaterials, aiming to promote innovative research on peptide and protein antibacterial coatings and provide guidance for their stepwise development and translational application.